Mutated mitochondria promote premature ageing

Researchers have shown how mitochondria - popularly known as the cells\' power plants - can be the seat of early ageing.

Mitochondria – mutations in these powerhouses can cause ageing

Researchers at the Swedish medical university Karolinska Institutet have shown how certain proteins that are synthesised in the cellular mitochondria become unstable and disintegrate, which in turn can impair cell respiration and cause premature ageing.  

“Our results show that premature ageing is caused by point mutations in the mtDNA, which cause the mitochondrial proteins to become unstable and disintegrate,” says Aleksandra Trifunovic, one of the scientists involved in the study.

Every time we inhale, the blood transports the oxygen from our lungs to our cells' mitochondria, where it is used to convert the nutrients in our food into a form of energy that the body can use. Problems with this process, called cell respiration, have been linked to numerous conditions, from rare genetic diseases to diabetes, cancer, Parkinson's disease and the normal ageing process.

For cell respiration to function properly, it needs proteins synthesised outside and then imported into the mitochondria, and proteins synthesised within the mitochondria themselves from their own DNA (mtDNA). It has long been known that an accumulation of harmful mutations of mtDNA can cause premature ageing, but just how this happens has remained something of a mystery.

The team shown through studies on mice that changes in mtDNA can cause ageing by introducing errors into the proteins manufactured by the mitochondria. The amount of protein is normal, but the proteins are rendered unstable and quickly disintegrate, leading eventually to the breakdown of cell respiration.

According to the team, the study, which is presented in Cell Metabolism, provides a better understanding of the interaction between mitochondrial function and the ageing process, and improves the chances of one day finding an efficacious treatment for mitochondrial disorders, something that is currently lacking.