Genomic approach gives old dog new tricks

As one of best known and extensively studied organisms in the world you might think that there are no mysteries left for E. coli – but in fact one team say it remains an enigma that may hold the key to human diseases, such as cancer.

Much is known about E- coli, including its ability to use flagella for propulsion. But there are still a few unknown tricks left in this well studied bug (credit: Nicolle Rager Fuller, National Science Foundation)

Based at the University of Dundee, the team has examined the genome sequence of this workhorse of the laboratory and spotted three previously unknown genes that, it turns out, are essential for the survival of E. coli. One out of the three could also be implicated in cancer or developmental abnormalities in humans. These mystery genes are also found in numerous other creatures, suggesting a vital role for them across many species.

Professor Tracy Palmer said: “Scientists have been studying E. coli genes for many, many years and we thought we knew pretty much all there was to know - we certainly didn't expect to find any more genes that are essential for survival!

“Finding out that these genes are essential in E. coli and also appear in the genomes of other species tells us that they are very important indeed. In the case of one of the genes it is also found in the human genome, which makes it especially interesting. The mystery remains as to what they actually do, but whatever it is, it must be really crucial.”

Early indications from Professor Palmer's work suggest that the genes, named yjeE, yeaZ and ygjD could be involved in cell division. ygjD is present in the human genome and also appears to be the key player of the three genes found in E. coli.

The experiments show these genes affect how E. coli cells respond to different messages that tell them when to divide. If they do the same thing in humans, say the team, any problems with these genes could easily lead to developmental abnormalities or cancer.

Professor Douglas Kell, BBSRC Chief Executive said: “This work is a good example of where having a genome sequence opens up many possible avenues of enquiry. It also makes clear the value of an organised approach to accessing and using genome information. Research focussed on maximising the use of genome sequences will surely, therefore, accelerate discovery of information that is of social and economic importance.”