Keeping a clean atmosphere

Choosing the right chemical and biological containment within the laboratory can be a difficult task. Here Simon Kear gives us some vital tips on picking containment cabinets

Protecting workers from exposure to harmful materials or practices is a key part of any manager’s duties. A large part of this responsibility is in ensuring that the workplace is safe and secure and that personnel are adequately trained to operate all the equipment that they may use in the commission of their duties.

This is not a new responsibility, having been incorporated more than thirty years ago in The Health and Safety at Work Act 1974. In simple terms, the Act states that employers must carry out a risk assessment whenever people are employed and this must take into account all the statutes and ACoPs (Approved Code of Practices), including fire precautions, about which all employees and visitors must be told.

In a laboratory context, there are a number of legal requirements that must be adhered to before carrying out any work, including the necessity to carry out risk assessments on the chemical and biological agents that are to be used as part of the practical work activities. As part of this process, the law requires that thought is given to minimising exposure of all personnel to these chemical and biological agents and that adequate information regarding the risks to their health and safety is freely provided.

While the Control of Substances Hazardous to Health (COSHH) regulations lay down guidelines on when protection against a certain chemical or particulate is required, they do not provide guidance about which type of containment or extraction system is the most suitable.

Therefore, this article attempts to provide a checklist against which the choice of chemical or biological containment cabinets may be measured. However, the benefit of an expert evaluation of the hazards and risks to be considered before any equipment is selected should not be underestimated. Most manufacturers of these cabinets would consider it their duty to undertake such a study for any potential customers. At Labcaire, we also believe in working with customers to ensure that all laboratory personnel fully understand and appreciate the limitations of the environmental safety equipment in place.

Critical components of many laboratories’ environmental controls, chemical or biological containment cabinets are designed specifically to minimise employee exposure to chemicals and particulates – though rarely at the same time.

Chemical hazard Let’s first deal with the main groups of products designed to protect against chemical hazards: • Ducted fume cupboards • Recirculating carbon-filtration fume cabinets

Ducted fume cupboards Traditionally, containing noxious fumes has been the domain of the fume cupboard and extraction system. These employ a very simple but, from the laboratory's perspective, highly effective approach. Waste fumes and gases are pumped straight out of the laboratory and vented into the atmosphere and replaced by uncontaminated, ambient air drawn in from the surrounding laboratory. This constant, inward flow of air through the front working aperture ensures that chemical fumes cannot overcome the operator or make their way into the surrounding laboratory atmosphere.

However, there are two fundamental disadvantages to consider. Although personnel inside the laboratory are safeguarded, expelling untreated air may expose everyone in the area to the fumes unless great care is taken with the design and siting of the flue stack. Additionally, every litre of air pumped out of the laboratory and into the atmosphere must be replaced with air drawn from the laboratory itself. Since this air is heated, possibly even air-conditioned, this will inevitably increase the energy bill and contribute in a small way to global warming.

[caption id="attachment_36143" align="alignright" width="200"] Figure 1: A typical recirculating carbon-filtered fume cabinet[/caption]

Recirculating or filtration fume cabinet The filtration (or recirculating) fume cabinet operates in the same way as a ducted version, pulling in air through the front aperture and away from the user, and offers the same level of operator protection. However, instead of venting air to the atmosphere, the exhaust air is filtered and returned to the laboratory via a charcoal filter.

Environmentally, the filtered recirculation route enjoys considerable benefits. Activated carbon filters neutralise pollutants and eliminate harmful discharge to the environment. Also, the recirculatory airflow eliminates the need for laboratory make-up air and integration into ventilation system controls.

The recirculation principle also allows great flexibility. Should the nature of the chemical hazard change, the carbon filters may be quickly and inexpensively changed to suit. And, because there is no physical attachment to a fixed ducting system, installation costs are eliminated as the unit can be simply placed on an existing bench, plugged in and used. New ducting, associated building work, and changes to the laboratory's heating and ventilation systems are eradicated and, if changes are necessary to the laboratory’s layout, the unit can be re-positioned easily.

However the utmost care must be taken to select the correct type of charcoal filters and regular testing carried out to enable filter life to be estimated. Although all Labcaire cabinets are fitted with continuous electronic airflow and carbon filter monitoring systems, it is vital that advice be obtained from a specialist safety advisor before a final decision is made on both the type of filter used and testing protocols.

Down-flow Benches Evolved from horizontal flow cabinets, like the traditional fume cupboard and the Labcaire Aura recirculating type (Figure 1), down-flow benches are designed to draw air down and away from the operators face without the need for an enclosure.

[caption id="attachment_36144" align="alignleft" width="200"] Figure 2: A recirculating downflow fume cabinet[/caption]

Just like their forerunners, down-flow benches (Figure 2) may be ducted to the atmosphere or be designed with filters to remove potentially hazardous material before the exhaust air is returned to the laboratory. Therefore, the advantages and disadvantages of each type are shared.

Biological Hazards

Before choosing which type of biological safety cabinet is most suitable for the handling of potentially pathogenic material, consideration must be given to the advice from the UK’s Advisory Committee on Dangerous Pathogens, part of the Health and Safety Executive. These criteria are reproduced below and, for the purpose of this article, ‘disease’ refers to disease caused by infection.

• Group 1 - A biological agent unlikely to cause human disease.

• Group 2 - A biological agent that can cause human disease and may be hazardous to employees; it is unlikely to spread to the community and there is usually effective prophylaxis or effective treatment available.

• Group 3 - A biological agent that can cause severe human disease and presents a serious hazard to employees; it may present a risk of spreading to the community, but there is usually effective prophylaxis or treatment available.

• Group 4 - A biological agent that causes severe human disease and is a serious hazard to employees; it is likely to spread to the community and there is usually no effective prophylaxis or treatment available.

To deal with these different threat levels, three classes of Microbiological Safety Cabinets (MSCs) have been developed.

Class I and Class III MSCs Like a traditional fume cupboard or carbon-filter fume cabinet, a Class I MSC sucks air into the cabinet and away from the operator in order to generate a very high level of protection. However, unlike the ducted fume cupboard, all the exhaust air must pass through a filter before it is released to the atmosphere.

High Efficiency Particulate Air (HEPA) filters are used for this purpose and are usually fitted immediately above the working area in modern cabinets. Suitable for material in groups 1 – 3 above, the Class I cabinet would be used typically in laboratories where patient specimens are handled prior to the identification of any disease.

Class II MSC Also suitable for Group 1 and 2 materials, and Group 3 material at the discretion of your Safety Officer, the Class II biological safety cabinet offers a high degree of operator protection through the mechanism of drawing laboratory air quickly around and past the operator. However, the Class II MSC also attempts to protect the integrity of the material under investigation.

The inward air curtain (the blue arrows) is pulled downwards immediately after passing the operator and swept to the rear of the cabinet. Here, it mixes with HEPA filtered air (green arrows) that is pushed down over the worksurface and specimen to protect it from contamination. The mixture is then drawn up the rear of the cabinet through a pre-filter (1) and into a central plenum. From here, 70% of the air is recirculated back into the cabinet via the HEPA filter mounted above the work surface (2) whilst the remaining 30% of air is exhausted back into the lab (or to the atmosphere if ducting is fitted) after being carefully filtered through, preferably, twin HEPA filters (3 and 4). The 30% of exhausted air within the system is balanced by the front air curtain which draws potential threats away from the operator.

The Class II is the most common MSC within our laboratories, offering a protective environment for specimens combined with a high degree of operator protection.

Class III Although we have said that the Class I and Class II MSCs generate a high measure of protection for their operators, this is not absolute. Therefore, when working with Group 4 materials, a safety cabinet guaranteed to provide maximum security for the operator and the laboratory must be used.  This is the Class III MSC.

Very similar to a Class I except that there is no front aperture, operators access the worksurface and samples via sealed glove ports. All materials must be transferred in and out of the cabinet through a transfer hatch or hatches, which resemble miniature airlocks. Exhaust air is pulled through one or more HEPA filters and dumped to the atmosphere via a ducted exhaust fan and make-up air is drawn into the cabinet via a HEPA filter. Finally, these cabinets are also usually sited in a purpose built, high biological security laboratory. In this way, every avenue is covered in attempting to make sure that the material under investigation cannot escape to harm the operators or the outside world.

Hopefully, you will now have a simple guide to the types of chemical and biological containment cabinets available to help you build a safe working environment and an awareness of the strengths and weaknesses of each type. But, knowing how to apply these principles in your own working environment may not be so straightforward.  Responsible manufacturers have experts that work daily to achieve the safest possible workplaces.  For your own safety, don’t hesitate to call them in.